Minggu, 24 Maret 2013

skill mengerjakan toefl



UNIT 1
IDENTIFYING SENTENCES WITH ONE CLAUSE

SKILL 1: THE SENTENCE HAS A SUBJECT AND A VERB
A sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common types of problems that you will encounter in structure questions on the TOEFL test have to do with subjects and verbs: perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the verb or both, or perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or verb.

Example:             ________ was ringing continuously for hours.
(A)   Loudly
(B)   In the morning
(C)   The phone
(D)   The bells


Example:             Newspaper ______________ every morning and every evening.
(A)   delivery
(B)   are delivered
(C)   on time
(D)   regularly

EXERCISE 1: Underline the subjects and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences.  Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)

____     1. Last week went finishing for trout at the nearby mountain lake.
____     2.A schedule of the day’s events can be obtained at t he front desk.
____     3. A job on the day shift or the night shift at the plant available.



SKILL 2: OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition such as in, at, of, to, by, behind, and on to form a prepositional phrase.

                               
The trip (to the island) (on Saturday) will last (for three hours).

This sentence contains three objects of prepositions. Island is the object of the preposition to, Saturday is the object of the preposition on; hours is the object of the preposition for.
An object of a preposition can cause confusion in the structure section of the TOEFL test because it can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence.

Example:             To Mike ________ was a big surprise.
(A)   really
(B)   the party
(C)   funny
(D)   when

Correct or Incorrect
____     1. The interviews by radio broadcasters were carried live by the station.
____     2. In the last possible moment before takeoff took his seat in the airplane.
____     3. For the last three years at various hospitals in the county has been practicing.

SKILL 3: APPOSITIVES
Appositives can cause confusion in structure questions on the TOEFL test because an appositive can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence. An appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and has the same meaning.
                               
Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam.

In this example Sally  is the subject of the sentence and the best student in the class can easily be recognized as an appositive phrase because of the noun student and because of the commas. The sentence says that Sally  and the best student in the class are the same person. Note that if you leave out the appositive phrase, the sentence still makes sense (Sally got an A on the exam).

Example:             _________, George, is attending the lecture.
(A)   Right now
(B)   Happily
(C)   Because of the time
(D)   My friend


correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. The son of the previous owner, the new owner is undertaking some fairly broad changes in  management policy.
____     2. Last semester, a friend, graduated cum laude from the university.
____     3. At long last, the chief executive officer, has decided to step down.


SKILL 4: PRESENT PARTICIPLES
Present participles can cause confusion in the structure questions on the TOEFL test because a present participle can be either an adjective or a part of the verb. A present participle is the –ing form of the verb. It is part of the verb when it is preceded by some form of the verb be.

                                The train is arriving at the station now.
                                                        VERB
In this sentence, arriving is part of the verb because it is accompanied by is.
A present participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be.

                                The train arriving at the station now is an hour late.
                                                    ADJECTIVE
In this sentence, arriving is an adjective and not part of the verb because it is not accompanied by some form of be. The verb in this sentence is is.

Example:             The film _________ appearing at the local theater is my favorite.
(A)   now
(B)   is
(C)   it
(D)   was

correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. The companies offering the lowest prices will have the most customers.
____     2. Those travelers are completing their trip on Delta should report to Gate Three.
____     3. The artisans were demonstrating various handicrafts at booth throughout the fair.


SKILL 5: PAST PARTICIPLES
Past participles can cause confusion in structure questions on the TOEFL test because a past participle can be either an adjective or a part of the verb. The past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be. It often ends in –ed, but there are also many irregular past participles in English.

The mailman has left a letter in the mailbox.
                                                              verb
                                The classes were taught by Professor Smith.
                                                                verb
In the first sentence, the past participle left is part of the verb because it is accompanied by has. In the second sentence, the past participle taught is part of the verb because it is accompanied by were.
A past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form of be or have.
                               
The letter left in the mailbox was for me.
                                                   adjective
                                The classes taught by Professor Smith were very interesting.
                                                        adjective
In the first sentence, left is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, was, later in the sentence). In the second sentence, taught is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, were, later in the sentence).

Example:             The bread ________ baked this morning smelled delicious.
(A)   has
(B)   was
(C)   it
(D)   just

correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. The money was offered by the client was not accepted.
____     2. The car listed in the advertisement had already stalled.
____     3. The chapters were taught by the professor this morning will be on next week’s exam.




















UNIT 2
SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES

SKILL 6: USE COORDINATE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb). When you have two clauses in an English sentence, you must connect the two clauses correctly. One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or, yet, or so between the clauses.
                               
The sun was shining, and the sky was blue.
The sky was blue, but it was very cold.
It may rain tonight, or it may be clear.
It was raining outside, so I took my umbrella.

In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate connector ---- and, but,  or, yet,  or so --- and a comma (,).

Example:             I forgot my coat, ______ I got very cold.
(A)   then
(B)   so
(C)   later
(D)   as a result

correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. The software should be used on a laptop computer, and this computer is a laptop.
____     2. The rain clouds can be seen in the distance, but no has fallen.
____     3. They are trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two months.


SKILL 7: USE ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences:


                                He is tired because he has been working hard.
                                Because he has been working hard, he is tired.


Example:             _______ arrived at the library, he started to work immediately.
(A)   The student
(B)   When
(C)   He
(D)   After the student

correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. Since the bank closes in less than an hour, the deposits need to be tallied immediately.
____     2. Their backgrounds are thoroughly investigated before are admitted to the organization.
____     3. The ground had been prepared, the seedlings were carefully planted.


SKILL 8: USE OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
Adverb clauses can express the ideas of time and cause, as you saw in Skill 7; adverb clauses can also express a number of other ideas, such as contrast, condition, manner, and place. Because these clauses are adverb clauses are adverb clauses, they have the same structure as the time and cause clauses in Skill 7.
                                I will leave at 7:00 if I am ready.
                                Although I was late, I managed to catch the train.

Example:             You will get a good grade on the exam provided _______
(A)   studying
(B)   study
(C)   to study
(D)   you study

correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. It is impossible to enter that program if you lack experience as a teacher.
____     2. The commandant left strict orders about the passes, several soldiers left the post anyway.
____     3. No one is admitted to the academy unless he or she the education requirements.


SKILL 9: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun; because the noun clause functions as a noun, it is used in a sentence as an object of a verb (if it follows a verb) or an object of a preposition (if it follows a preposition).

                                I don’t know why he said such things.
                                                                noun clause as object of verb
                                I am thinking about why he said such things.
                                                                        noun clause as object of preposition

In the first example, there are two clauses, I don’t know and he said such things. The two clauses are joined with the connector why. Why changes the clause he said such things into a noun clause which functions as the object of the verb don’t know.
In the second example, the two clauses I am thinking and he said such things are also joined by the connector why. Why changes the clause he said such things into a noun clause which functions as the object of the preposition about.

Example:             The citizens worry about ________ is doing.
(A)   what the government
(B)   the government
(C)   it
(D)   is what the government

In this example, the sentence contains the main subject and verb, the citizens worry, and it also contains an additional verb, is doing. The sentence needs a subject for the verb is doing and a connector to join the two clauses. The best answer is answer (A) because it has the connector what and the subject government. Answer (B) and (C) are incorrect because they do not have connectors. Answer (D) is incorrect because it has an extra verb.

(C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. When the season starts is determined by the weather.
____     2. The manual how the device should be built.
____     3. The schedule indicated if the teams would be playing in the final game.


SKILL 10: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS/SUBJECTS
In Skill 9 we saw that noun clause connectors can be used to introduce noun clauses. In Skill 10 we will see that in some cases a noun clause connector is not just a connector; a noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time.

                                I know what happened yesterday.
                                                  noun clause as object of verb
We are thinking about what happened yesterday.
                                                                                 noun clause as object of preposition

In the first example, there are two clauses: I know and what happened yesterday. These two clauses are joined by the connector what. It is important to understand that in this sentence the word what serves two functions. It is both the subject of the verb happened and the connector that joins the two clauses.
In the second example, there are two clauses. In the first clause we is the subject of are thinking. In the second clause what is the subject of happened. What also serves as the connector that joins the two clauses. The noun clause what happened yesterday functions as the object of the preposition about.

Example:             The company was prepared for _______ happened with the economy.
(A)   it
(B)   the problem
(C)   what
(D)   when

In this example, the sentence contains the main clause the company was prepared and another verb, happened. The sentence needs a subject for the verb happened and a connector to join the two clauses. Answer (C) is the best answer because what is both a connector and a subject. Answer (A) is incorrect because it is a subject, but there is no connector. Answer (B) is incorrect because the problem is a subject, but there is no connector. Answer (D) is incorrect because when is a connector, but it is not a subject.

correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. The game show contestant was able to respond to whatever was asked.
____     2. You should find out which the best physic department.
____     3. The employee was unhappy about what was added to his job description.

SKILL 11: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS
An adjective clause is a clause that describes a noun. Because the clause is an adjective, it is positioned directly after the noun that it describes.
 

This is the house that I want to buy.
                                                 adjective clause
The house that I want to buy is quite expensive.
                                adjective clause

In the second example, there are also two clauses: house is the subject of the verb is, and I is the subject of the verb want. In this sentence also, that is the adjective clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that I want to buy describes the noun house.



Example:             The job ­______ started yesterday was rather difficult.
(A)   when
(B)   was
(C)   after
(D)   that he

In this example, you should notice quickly that there are two clauses: job is the subject of the verb was, and the verb started needs a subject. Because there are two clauses, a connector is also needed. Answer (A) and (C) have connectors, but there are no subjects, so these answers are not correct. Answer (B) changes started into a passive verb; in this case the sentence would have one subject and two verbs; so answer (B) is not correct. The best answer to this question is answer (D). The correct sentence should say: The job that he started yesterday was rather difficult. In this sentence job is the subject of the verb was, he is the subject of the verb started, and the connector that joins these two clauses.

correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. It is important to fill out the form in the way that you have been instructed.
____     2. The car which I have been driving for five years for sale at a really good price.
____     3. I just finished reading the novel whom the professor suggested for my book report.

SKILL 12: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS/SUBJECTS
In Skill 11 we saw that adjective clause connectors can be used to introduce clauses that describe nouns. In Skill 12 we will see that in some cases an adjective clause connector is not just a connector; an adjective clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the same time.
 

We are looking at a house that is quite expensive.
                                                                adjective clause
The house that is quite expensive seems like a great house.
                                adjective clause

In the first example, there are two clauses: we is the subject of the verb are looking, and that is the subject of the verb is. These two clauses are joined with the connector that. Notice that in this example the word that serves two functions at the same time: it is the subject of the verb is, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses. The adjective clause that is quite expensive describes the noun house.

In the second example, there are also two clauses: house is the subject of the verb seems, and that is the subject of the verb is. In this example, that also serves two functions: it is the subject of the verb is, and it is the connector that joins the two clauses. Because that is quite expensive is an adjective clause describing the noun house, it directly follows house.

Example:             ­______ just dropped off a package for you is my sister.
(A)   The woman
(B)   The woman who
(C)   Because the woman
(D)   With the woman

In this example, you should notice immediately that the sentence has two verbs: dropped and is, and each of them needs a subject. The only answer that has two subjects is answer (B), so answer (B) is the correct answer. The correct sentence should say: The woman who just dropped off a package is my sister. In this sentence woman is the subject of the verb is, and who is the subject of the verb dropped Who is also the connector that joins the two clauses.

correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. The ice cream that is served in the restaurant has a smooth, creamy texture.
____     2. The car are trying to enter the freeway system are lined up for blocks.
____     3. I have great respect for everyone who on the Dean’s List.



SKILL 13: USE REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES CORRECTLY
Adjective clause can appear in a reduced form. In the reduced form, the adjective clause connector and the be-verb that directly follow it are omitted.

                                The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide.
                                The letter which was written last week arrived today.
                                The pitcher that is on the table is full of iced tea.

Each of these sentences may be used in the complete form or in the reduced form. In the reduced form the connector who, which, or that is omitted along with the be-verb is or was.
If there is no be-verb in the adjective clause, it is still possible to have a reduced form. When there is no be-verb in the adjective clause, the connector is omitted and the verb is changed into the –ing form.
                                                                                               
               
                                I don’t understand the article which appears in today’s paper.
appearing

In this example there is no be-verb in the adjective clause which appears in today’s paper, so the connector which is omitted and the main verb appears is changed to the –ing ­form appearing.

It should be noted that not all adjective clauses can appear in a reduced form. An adjective clause can appear in a reduced form only if the adjective clause connector is followed directly by a verb. In other words, an adjective clause can only be reduced if the connector is also a subject.

                                The woman that I just met is the tour guide                        (does not reduced)
                                The letter which you sent me arrived yesterday                 (does not reduced)

In these two examples the adjective clauses cannot be reduced because the adjective clause connectors that and which are not directly followed by verbs; that is directly followed by the subject I, and which is directly followed by the subject you.

A final point to note is that some adjective clauses are set off from the rest of the sentence with commas, and these adjective clauses can also be reduced. In addition, when an adjective clause is set off with commas, the reduced adjective clause can appear at the front of the sentence.
               
                                The White House, which is located in Washington, is the home of the president.
                                The White House, located in Washington, is the home of the president.
                                Located in Washington, The White House is the home of the president.

In the example above, the adjective clauses are set off from  the rest of the sentence with commas, so each sentence can be structured in three different ways: (1) with the complete clause, (2) with the reduced clause following the noun it describes, and (3) with the reduced clause at the beginning of the sentence.

Example:             ______ on several different television programs, the witness gave conflicting accounts of what had happened.         
(A)   He appeared
(B)   Who appeared
(C)   Appearing
(D)   Appears

In this example, answer (A) is incorrect because there are two clauses, He appeared….and the witness gave….., and there is no connector to join them.  Answer (B) is incorrect because an adjective clause such as who appeared….. cannot appear at the beginning of a sentence (unless it is in a reduced form). Answer (C) is the correct answer because it is the reduced form of the clause who appeared, and this reduced form can appear at the front of the sentence. Answer (D) is not the reduced form of a verb; it is merely a verb in the present tense; a verb such as appears needs a subject and a connector to be correct.

correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. We will have to return the merchandise purchased yesterday at the Broadway.
____     2. The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to behave.
____     3. Serving a term of four years, the mayor of the town will face reelection next year.


SKILL 14: USE REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES CORRECTLY
Adverb clauses can also appear in a reduced form. In the reduced form, the adverb connector remains, but the subject and the be-verb are omitted.

                                Although he is rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar.
                                When you are ready, you can begin your speech.

These two examples may be used in either the complete or reduced form. In the reduced form the adverb connectors although, and when remain; the subjects he and you as well as the be-verb is or are are omitted.

If there is no be-verb in the adverb clause, it is still possible to have a reduced form. When there is no be-verb in the adverb clause, the subject is omitted and the main verb is changed into the –ing form.

                                                    (feeling)
                                Although he feels rather sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar.
                                When you gave your speech, you should speak loudly and distinctly.
                                             (giving)

If the first example the adverb clause although he feels rather sick does not include a be-verb; to reduce this clause, the subject he is omitted and the main verb feels is changed to feeling. In the second example the adverb clause when you give your speech also does not include a be-verb; to reduce this clause, the subject you is omitted and the main verb give is changed to giving.

Example:             When _______, you are free to leave
(A)   the finished report
(B)   finished with the report
(C)   the report
(D)   is the report finished

In this example you should notice the adverb connector when, and you should know that this time word could be followed by either a complete clause or a reduced clause. Answers (A) and (C) contain the subjects the finished report and the report and no verb, so these answers are incorrect. In answer (D) the subject and the verb are inverted, and this is not a question, so answer (D) is incorrect. The correct answer is answer (B); this answer is the reduced form of the clause when you finished with the report.
It should be noted that not all adverb clauses can appear in a reduced form, and a number of adverb clauses can only be reduced if the verb is in the passive form.

Once you submit your thesis, you will graduate                  (active – does not reduce)
Once it is submitted, your thesis will be reviewed             (passive – does reduce)

In  the first example, the adverb clause once you submit your thesis does not reduce because clauses introduced by once only reduce if the verb is passive, and the verb submit is active. In the second example, the adverb clause once it is submitted does reduce to once submitted because the clause is introduced by once and the verb is submitted is passive.

EXERCISE 14: Each of the following sentences contains a reduced adverb clause. Circle the adverb connectors. Underline the reduced clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. If not completely satisfied, you can return the product to the manufacturer.
____     2. Steve has had to learn how to cook and clean since left home.
____     3. Although not selecting for the team, he attends all of the games as a fan
____     4. When purchased at this store, the buyer gets a guarantee on all items.
____     5. You should negotiate a lot before buy a new car.


UNIT 3
SENTENCES WITH INVERTED SUBJECTS AND VERBS

SKILL 15: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH QUESTION WORDS
There is some confusion about when to invert the subject and verb after question words such as what, when, where, why, and how. These words can have two very different functions in a sentence. First, they can introduce a question, and in this case the subject and verb that follow are inverted.

                                What is the homework?
                                When can I leave?
                                Where are you going?

Also, these words can join together two clauses, and in this case the subject and verb that follow are not inverted.

                                I do not know what the homework is.
                                When I can leave, I will take the first train.
                                Do you know where you are going?

In each of these examples there are two clauses joined by a question word. Notice that the subjects and verbs that follow the question words what, when, and where are not inverted in this case.

Example:             The lawyer asked the client why _______ it.
(A)   did he do
(B)   did he
(C)   he did
(D)   did

In this example the question word why is used to connect the two clauses, so a subject and verb are needed after this connector, this is not a question, so the subject and verb should not be inverted. The best answer is therefore answer (C).

EXERCISE 15: Each of the following sentences contains a question mark. Circle the question words. Underline the reduced clauses. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. The phone company is not certain when will the new directories be ready.
____     2. The professor does not understand why so many students did poorly on the exam.
____     3. How new students can get information about parking
____     4. Only the pilot can tell you how far can the plane go on one tank of fuel.
____     5. How long it has been since you arrived in the United States?


SKILL 16: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH PLACE EXPRESSIONS
After ideas expressing place, the subject and the verb sometimes invert in English. This can happen with single words expressing place, such as here, there, or nowhere.

                                Here is the book that you lent me.
                                There are the keys that I thought I lost.
                                Nowhere have I seen such beautiful weather.

In the first example the place word here causes subject book to come after the verb is.  In the second example the place word there causes the subject keys to come after the verb are. In the last example the place word nowhere causes the subject I to come after the verb have.
The subject and the verb can also be inverted after prepositional phrase expressing place.

                                In the closet are the clothes that you want.
                                Around the corner is Sam’s house.
                                Beyond the mountains lies the town where you will live.

In the first example the prepositional phrase of the place in the closet causes the subject clothes to come after the verb are. In the second example the prepositional phrase of place around the corner causes the subject house to come after the verb is. In the last example the prepositional phrase of place beyond the mountains causes the subject town to come after the verb lies.

It is important (and a bit difficult) to understand that the subject and verb will invert after place expressions at the beginning of a sentence only when the place expression is necessary to complete the sentence.

                                In the forest are many exotic birds.
                                In the forest I walked for many hours.

In the first example birds and verb are inverted because the place expression in the forest is needed to complete the idea many exotic birds are…… In the second example the subject I and the verb walked are not inverted because the idea I walked for many hours is complete without the place expression in the forest; the place expression is therefore not needed to complete the sentence.

Example:             On the second level of the parking lot ________
(A)   is empty
(B)   are empty
(C)   some empty stalls are
(D)   are some empty stalls

This example begins with the place expression on the second level of the parking lot, which consists of two prepositional phrases, on the second level and of the parking lot. This sentence needs a subject and a verb to be complete, and the two answers that contain both a subject, stalls, and verb, are answer (C) and (D). The subject and verb should be inverted because the place expression is necessary to complete the idea some empty stalls are……… The best answer is therefore answer (D).

EXERCISE 16: Each of the following sentences contains an expression of place at the beginning of the sentence. Circle the expressions of place. Look at the clause that immediately follow the place expressions and underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. In front of the house were some giant trees.
____     2. There a big house is on the corner.
____     3. To the north the stream is that the settlers will have to cross.
____     4. Around the corner are the offices that you are trying to find.
____     5. At the Italian restaurant was the food to spicy for my taste.


SKILL 17: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES
The subject and verb can also be inverted after certain negatives and related expressions. When negative expressions, such as no, not, or never, come at the beginning of a sentence, the subject and verb are inverted.

                                Not once did I miss a question.
                                Never has Mr. Jones taken a vacation.
                                At no time can the woman talk on the telephone.

In the first example the negative expression not once causes the subject I to come after the helping verb did. In the second example the negative word never causes the subject Mr. Jones to come after the helping verb has. In the last example the negative expression at no time causes the subject woman to come after the helping verb can.

Certain words in English, such as hardly, barely, scarcely, and only, act like negatives. If one of these words comes at the beginning of a sentence, the subject and verb are also inverted.

                                Hardly ever does he take time off.
                                (This means that he almost never takes time off)
                                Only once did the manager issue overtime paychecks.
                                (This means that the manager almost never issued overtime paychecks)

In the first example the “almost negative” expression hardly ever causes the subject he to come after the helping verb does. In the second example the “almost negative” expression only once causes the subject manager to come after the helping verb did.

When a negative expression appears in front of a subject and verb in the middle of a sentence, the subject and verb are also inverted. This happens often with the negative words neither and nor.

                                I do not want to go, and neither does Tom.
                                The secretary us not attending the meeting, nor is her boss.

In the first example the negative neither causes the subject Tom to come after the helping verb does. In the second example the negative nor causes the subject boss to come after the verb is.

Example:             Only in extremely dangerous situation ______ stopped.
(A)   will be the printing presses
(B)   the printing presses will be
(C)   that the printing presses will be
(D)   will the printing presses be

In this example you should notice that the sentence begins with the negative only, so an inverted subject and verb are needed. Answer (D) contains a correctly inverted subject and verb, with the helping verb will, the subject printing presses, and the main verb be, so answer (D) is the best answer.

EXERCISE 17: Each of the following sentences contains a negative or “almost negative” expression. Circle the negative expressions. Look at the clause that follow and underline the subjects once and the verb twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. Never the boy wrote to his sisters.
____     2. On no occasion did they say that to me.
____     3. Only once in my life gone I have to New York City.
____     4. Did he go out of the house at no time.
____     5. Seldom their secretary has made such mistakes.


SKILL 18: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS
In certain conditional structures, the subject and verb may also be inverted. This can occur when the helping verb in the conditional clause is had, should, or were, and the conditional connector if is omitted.

                                If he had taken more time, the result would have been better.
                                Had he taken more time, the results would have been better.

                                I would help you if I were in a position to help.
                                I would help you were I in a position to help.


                                If you should arrive before 6:00, just give me a call.
                                Should you arrive before 6:00, just give me a call.

In each of these examples you can see that when if is included, the subject and verb are in the regular order (if he had taken, if I were, if you should arrive). It is also possible to omit if; in this case, the subject and verb are inverted (had he taken, were I, should you arrive).

Example:             The report would have been accepted ______ in checking its accuracy.
(A)   if more care
(B)   more care had been taken
(C)   had taken more care
(D)   had more care been taken

In this example a connector if and a subject and verb are needed, but if could be omitted and the subject and verb inverted. Answer (A) is incorrect because it contains the connector if and the subject care but no verb. Answer (B) is incorrect because it contains the subject care and the verb had been taken but does not have a connector. In answer (C) and (D), if has been omitted. Because it is correct to invert the subject more care and the helping verb had, answer (D) is correct.

EXERCISE 18: Each of the following sentences contains a conditional with a started or an implied if. Circle the conditionals, or put an asterisk (*) where if has been omitted. Look at the clause that follow and underline the subjects once and the verb twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. Were our neighbors a bit more friendly, it would be somewhat easier to get to know them.
____     2. There are plenty of blankets in the closet if should you get cold during the night.
____     3. Has he enough vacation days left this year, he will take two full weeks off in December.
____     4. Had we been informed of the decision, we might have had something to say about it.
____     5. I would like to know could you help me pack these boxes.


SKILL 19: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH COMPARISONS
An inverted subject and verb may also occur after a comparison. The inversion of a subject and verb after a comparison is optional, rather than required, and it is a rather formal structure. There have been a number of inverted comparisons on recent TOEFL tests, so you should be familiar with this structure.

                                My sister spends more hours in the office than John.
                                My sister spends more hours in the office than John does.
                                My sister spends more hours in the office than does John.

All three of these examples contain the comparison more…..than, and all three are correct in English. It is possible to have the noun John alone, as in the first example; it is possible that the comparison is followed by the inverted subject and verb does John, as in the third example.

Example:             The results of the current experiment appear to be more consistent than ______ the results of any previous tests.
(A)   them
(B)   were
(C)   they were
(D)   were they

In this example you should notice the comparison more consistent than, and you should also understand that the results of the current experiment is being compared with the results of any previous tests. Because the results of any previous tests is the subject, only a verb is needed; the best answer to this question is therefore answer (B). We know that it is possible for a subject and a verb to be inverted after a comparison, and in this case the subject the result of any previous tests comes after the verb were.

EXERCISE 19: Each of the following sentences contains a comparison. Circle the comparisons. Look at the clause that follow and underline the subjects once and the verb twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

____     1. This candidate has received more votes than has any other candidate in previous years.
____     2. Obviously we were much more impressed with the performance than did the other members of the audience.
____     3. The film that we saw last night at the festival was far better than any of the other films.
____     4. I am afraid that is the condition of these tires as bad as the condition of the others.
____     5. Do you know why does he need to sleep so many more hours than do the others?

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